Pestalozzi's philosophy of education focused on the holistic development of the individual, combining physical, moral and intellectual development. He believed that education should be rooted in real life experiences, and valued the educator's role in nurturing the child's capacity to learn. Froebel, often considered the father of modern kindergarten, emphasized the importance of play in early childhood education. He believed that through play, children can explore and understand the world around them. His philosophy also emphasized the role of nature in learning. Herbart's education philosophy focused on the idea of "apperception", a notion that new learning is shaped by what we already know. He proposed a five-step teaching method: preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application. Spencer applied Darwin's theory of evolution to education, emphasizing on practical and scientific knowledge over classical subjects such as literature and history. He believed in survival of the fittest and translated it in the educational paradigm. Dewey proposed the idea of "learning by doing". He stated that students learn best through problem-solving activities that integrate knowledge across various curriculum areas, and his philosophy is often associated with experiential education.